语音学(Phonetics)
1、Phoneme(音素,音位)is the smallest phonological unit that distinguish meaning.音素是语言中最小的语音单位,可以表达意义上的区别。
2、Free variation(自由变异):When the substitution of two or more sounds in the same position does not result in any change of meaning, they’re said to be in free variation. 自由变异是指两个或两个以上的有差异的语音出现在相同的位置,可以互相替代使用,而不改变意义。例如:either的美式发音和英式发音不同,但不改变意义。
3、Minimal pairs(最小对立体):a pair of words identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same position. 在音位分析中,只涉及一个音素差别的对立体叫做最小 对立体。例如:look 和book,Ben和pen之间的音素差别。
4、Allophone(音位变体):a sound that is slightly different from another sound, although both sounds belong to the same phoneme and the difference does not affect meaning. For example, the |l| at the beginning of little is different from the |l| at the end. 音位变体是指同一音位有不同发音,如little中的第一个|l| 与结尾的|l| 发音不同)。